China ties with the US as the largest contributors to carbon emission, due to large and growing extensive parameters of populations, gross national product, and energy use.   The major intensive parameters for assessment are: the energy/GNP ratio or K, and the carbon/energy ratio or L.  As nations develop from pre-industrial (such as Nepal) to industrial (such as China), K falls due to higher technology efficiency, but L rises due to fossil fuel use in manufacturing; as nations develop further into post-industrial (such as US), L falls as manufacturing is replaced by services.  A number of scenarios are outlined for possible responses from China, with the benefits and costs involved, challenging research problems posed, and persuading society for support.