Abstract
The voluntary control of visual attention to behaviorally relevant stimuli is thought to involve “top-down” feedback to visual processing areas. For spatially-directed attention, one key source of top-down attention is the frontal eye fields (FEF). We have found that feedback to visual cortex from
FEF causes enhanced responses to stimuli at attended locations, and leads to synchronized neural
activity between FEF and visual processing areas. The neural basis of feature, or object attention
has been much more difficult to understand. One possibility is that attention to objects with particular
features causes spatially directed attention to be directed to those objects, utilizing known pathways
for spatial attention. Another possibility is that attention to objects or features such as faces, colors,
or shapes, depends on feedback to visual cells that are selective for those features, biasing activity
in favor of those stimuli. Such a mechanism would be similar to what is thought to mediate visual recall
memory. We have recently found evidence for both types of mechanisms in prefrontal cortex.
Neurophysiological studies show that when monkeys direct attention to an object with a particular color
or shape in the visual field, responses of cells in the FEF with receptive fields containing that location
become selectively potentiated. Feedback from FEF to visual cortex then serves to highlight these
salient locations. To help identify sources of direct objectrelated feedback to visual cortex, we have
ested humans in a task that requires attention to one of two spatially overlapping objects (faces and
houses), precluding the use of spatial attention. Neural activity was recording using
magnetoencephalography (MEG) and fMRI. In this task, we found that attention to faces of houses
causes enhanced activity and synchrony in fusiform face area or the parahippocampal place area,
respectively, and these areas synchronize their activity with the inferior frontal gyrus, an area in prefrontal
cortex with known object selectivity. Thus, attention to locations and objects involves different feedback
mechanisms in the prefrontal cortex.
Biography
Robert Desimone is director of the McGovern Institute and the Doris and Don Berkey Professor in the
Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences. Prior to joining the McGovern Institute in 2004, he was
director of the Intramural Research Program at the National Institutes of Mental Health, the largest
mental health research center in the world. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and
the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a recipient of numerous awards, including the Troland
Prize of the National Academy of Sciences, and the Golden Brain Award of the Minerva Foundation.
Website: http://mcgovern.mit.edu/principal-investigators/robert-desimone/